In this demonstration, I will attempt to compare the
different methods of underpainting technique used and developed by artist prior
to the 20th century. Just walk through any museum and compare the 20th century
wing to the 19th and on to 15th century. It becomes
obvious that those artists where doing something different, they were using
paint differently. They had a vast vocabulary when it came to making marks with
paint and with it they could create great illusion of space and form.
Painting in an indirect method, building layers up of transparent,
semitransparent, semi-opaque, opaque and impasto layers of paint create different optical effects. The purpose of this is to achieve three-dimensional
space, through the refraction of light, what is called “Turning the Form.”
The most important illusions of realism in a painting are
Form and Value. And by using the underpainting to divide the image into manageable
parts, the drawing, the values and lastly color, they could focus on the actual
mechanics of applying paint. They created this amazing tool box of techniques, which
liberated them, where they could slowly tune in on the level of realism wanted. Thus allowing these artists to create at a higher level of expression and produce some
of the greatest masterpieces in history.
Starting top left moving clock wise-
Grisaille – (griz-eye’)
fr.- A grey underpainting done entirely
in monochrome shades of gray or another neutral color, to produce the illusion
of relief sculpture.
Bistre - (the
wipe-out method) – An underpainting using warm browns (usually raw umber or
burnt umber). A thin coat of umber is painted or rubbed over the canvas and then
‘wiped out’ or lifted using a rag or a bristle brush and a small amount of
solvent. Darks are built-up with thicker and leaner layers of umber in a near
dry brush approach.
Ébauche – (ay•boash
) fr. - or first block-in with color or
color sketch. This creates the overall general feel and effect of the painting
with colors and values. Leaving a
sympathetic underpainting or foundation similar to a watercolor.
Imprimatura is an
initial stain of color painted on a ground. It provides a painter with a
transparent, toned ground, which will allow light falling onto the painting to
reflect through the paint layers. The term itself stems from the Italian and
literally means "first paint layer". It's use as an underpainting
layer can be dated back to the guilds and workshops during the Middle Ages;
however, it came into standard use by painters during the Renaissance,
particularly in Italy.
Alla-prima –
Italian expression loosely translated “at first try”. Direct painting (wet into
wet), a method which is completed in a single session without previous
preparation or later layers of paint.
I will be continuing along with the indirect painting
technique over these underpaintings, using layering, glazes, scumbles, and
velauturas to create a illusion of three dimensional form.
So, I invite you to visit again as the paintings evolve.
You can access more Underpainting Demos through the labels
in the side bar or use the search box at the top left of the blog.
A couple of quick Links:
Bistre Method – “wipe out” Grisaille Underpainting
Explore - Question - Learn - Enjoy, Jim
Website - jimserrett.com
Studio Blog - jimserrettstudio.com
Landscape Blog - Pochade Box Paintings
